The African Lungfish (Protopterus annectens and related species) is a primitive, fascinating fish known for its ability to breathe air using a lung-like organ, allowing it to survive in low-oxygen waters and even aestivate in mud during dry seasons. Native to slow-moving rivers, swamps, and floodplains across Africa, it requires a very large aquarium with soft substrate, hiding spaces, and a tight-fitting lid, as it may jump or surface for air. African Lungfish are powerful and aggressive predators, best kept singly, as they will attack or eat tankmates. They thrive on a varied carnivorous diet of fish, shrimp, worms, and other meaty foods, though care should be taken to avoid overfeeding. These fish are hardy but produce a lot of waste, so strong filtration and regular water changes are essential. Due to their large adult size (up to 3–4 feet, depending on species) and long lifespan, they are only recommended for highly experienced aquarists with the space to house them properly.
| Parameter | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Protopterus annectens (and other Protopterus species) |
| Tank Size | Minimum 200+ gallons (larger for adults) |
| Temperature | 24–28°C (75–82°F) |
| pH Range | 6.0–7.5 |
| Water Hardness | Soft to moderate (4–12 dGH) |
| Substrate | Soft sand or mud-like substrate, with hiding spaces (driftwood, rocks) |
| Diet | Carnivorous – fish, shrimp, worms, crustaceans, meaty prepared foods |
| Temperament | Aggressive predator; must be housed alone |
| Social Behavior | Solitary; will attack or eat tankmates |
| Breeding | Rare in captivity; builds nests in the wild |
| Lifespan | 20+ years with proper care |